Chris wang school of nuclear and radiological engineering georgia institute of technology dr. Using pymgeo to create geometry for mcnp input files by. The input parameters are dependent on the detector type which may be germanium or sodium iodide in coaxial, planar, or well configurations. With thermo, youll find the innovation, heritage and excellence youve come to know. Using monte carlo nparticle transport code mcnp particle current and pulse height tally. Having understood the interaction process of radiation with the. When these emissions are detected and analyzed with a spectroscopy system, a gammaray energy spectrum can be produced. Slow scintillation time constants in naitl for different. Detection efficiencies for radioisotopes used in the laboratory should also be determined. Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid, constituting 90 to 95 per cent of all cations in the blood plasma and interstitial fluid.
In 1924, trace amounts of iodine in form of sodium iodide, potassium iodide or potassium iodate were first added, creating iodized salt to reduce the incidence of simple goiter. Scribd is the worlds largest social reading and publishing site. The capsules are packaged in plastic vials containing 5, 10, or 15 capsules per vial. These resolution values are expressed in absolute terms. The 3 inch diameter and 3 inch thick crystal is integrally cou pled to a 3 inch diameter photo multiplier tube pmt. Detection efficiency of a detector system depends on different parameters and thus various kinds of the efficiency definitions are used to cover those parameters. Pdf lung cancer detection using a miniature sodium. Usda ohsec radiation safety division instrumentation. Energy dependence of absorption coefficient for nai is shown in fig.
Oral sodium iodide 1i solution, cis bio international. Received 19 april 1972 the response of sodium iodide detectors to gamma rays has been calculated by a method that takes into account the mul tiple scattering and escape from the detector of. Response functions for sodium iodide scintillation. Sodium iodide, acs safety data sheet according to federal register vol. Calibrate and perform quality control on the sodium iodide scintillation detector b. At ordinary temperature, nai 2h 2 o crystallizes from aqueous solutions. Introduction pymgeo is a library that users can use to write python programs to generate geometry for mcnp input files. The thallium doped sodium iodide scintillation had been used. Sodium iodide scintillator article about sodium iodide. Sodium iodide article about sodium iodide by the free. Sodium iodide symporter for nuclear molecular imaging and.
Nai tl crystal scintillator has a very high luminescence scintillation efficiency and is available in a wide variety of sizes and geometries that makes it the most widely used scintillator. Pharmaceutical form oral solution pharmacotherapeutic group sodium iodide 1i is a diagnostic and therapeutic radiopharmaceutical. In that crystal the thallium acted as an activator. Isocs characterization of sodium iodide detectors for gammaray spectrometry conference paper pdf available november 2004 with 82 reads how we measure reads.
Pdf gammarays spectroscopy by using a thallium activated. Sodium iodide definition of sodium iodide by the free. Sodium iodide is used to treat or prevent iodine deficiency caused by poor nutrition or poor absorption by the body. Sodium iodide i123 is unlikely to impair the ability to drive and operate machinery.
Naitl and polyscin naitl sodium iodide scintillation. There are two fundamental families of detectors the gasfilled detectors i wrote about the last time, and the scintillation detectors, of which the sodium iodide abbreviated nai is one. Scintillation detectors are generally assumed to be linear. An attempted work had been made on the basic principle that when a radiation interactedwith the detector material, it was absorbing by the material and emitting flash of light, i. Pdf isocs characterization of sodium iodide detectors for. Using pymgeo to create geometry for mcnp input files by elizabeth skiba this document assumes a basic knowledge of objectoriented programming and a familiarity with pymgeo. The rda2s detector is a 2 inch diameter by 2 inch thick thallium activated sodium iodide crystal coupled to a 2 inch, 10 dynode photomultiplier tube. Pdf lung cancer detection using a miniature sodium iodide. Gamma spectroscopy physics 122 welcome to physics 122. Iodide is readily absorbed from the gi tract and distributes freely into the extracellular fluid and glandular secretions. Nai tl sodium iodide scintillation detectors berkeley. Qualitative composition sodium iodide 1i quantitative composition sodium iodide 1i.
Gamma and xray detection introduction mirion technologies. With thermo, youll find the innovation, heritage and excellence youve come to. Many configurations of nai detectors are commercially available, ranging from very thin. For example, a sodium iodide nai detector may have a fwhm of 9. The development of the nai tl crystal for gamma cameras. The steps of crystal growing and substantially simplified detector machining are integrated into one streamline process based on proven techniques with minimal capital investment. Pdf isocs characterization of sodium iodide detectors. Sodium iodide detector free download as powerpoint presentation. A graphic display of each model helps validate the appropriate detector type in the configuration process. The detector itself is not handportable and requires the setup of modules, energy calibrations and roi determination. A geigermuller detector is a tube, consisting of electrodes and filled with a lowpressure inert gas and a halogen gas, that measures activity. When a gamma ray from a radioactive sample enters the crystal, some combination of three physical processes can occur.
Assessing internal contamination after the detonation of a. Sodium iodide 124 i injection product specification name sodium iodide 124i injection pharmaceutical form solution for injection activity concentration 37 mbqml at time and date of calibration radiochemical purity 95. A cylindrical sodium iodide detectors scanning detection efficiency was examined theoretically using the monte carlo nparticle code, version 4b, and examined experimentally using the marianno research sled located in the department of nuclear engineering, oregon state university. In a detector assembly fabricated from single crystal material, even a small crack may propagate along the entire crystal, interfering with the light collection and degrading the pulse height resolution.
Storage box for radioactive sources and sealed isotope store. Ping isping particulate, iodine noble monitor detector. To express the resolution in relative terms, the fwhm in ev or mev is divided by the energy of the gamma ray and usually shown as percentage. Gammaray spectroscopy is the quantitative study of the energy spectra of gammaray sources, such as in the nuclear industry, geochemical investigation, and astrophysics most radioactive sources produce gamma rays, which are of various energies and intensities. An unconventional, continuous, and flexible manufacturing process is proposed for the production of sodium iodide detectors. Your doctor will decide the sodium iodide i123 amount. Thalliumdoped sodium iodide produces one of the highest signals in a pmt per amount of radiation absorbed. Fisher scientific 1 reagent lane fair lawn, nj 07410 for information, call. Sodium iodide 1 na 1 i for diagnostic use is supplied for oral administration in opaque white gelatin capsules. Sodium iodide chemical formula nai is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine. The pmt has a 14 pin base and can be mounted on two types of pmt preamplifier units.
Lung cancer detection using a miniature sodium iodide detector and cobalt57 bleomycin article pdf available in chest 851. On the use of nai scintillation for high stability nuclear decay rate. The outer sleeve of the scintillation detector is aluminum. Food and drug administration 10903 new hampshire avenue silver spring, md 20993 1888infofda 18884636332 contact fda. Safety data sheet according to 29cfr19101200 and ghs rev. Naitl sodium iodide scintillation material polyscin naitl. Detection efficiency of naitl detector in 51132 kev. A method for predicting peak scanning detection efficiency. Sodium iodide is obtained by means of an exchange reaction between fe 3 i 8 and na 2 co 3 and is used for medicinal purposes as an iodine preparation. Set up a test tube rack containing 34 small 75mm x 12mm test tubes. This high light output is largely due to the high quantum efficiency of the thallium ion, disadvantage rather slow 250 ns decay time. Sodium iodide is inherently more efficient for detecting gamma rays but has lower resolution than germanium, particularly if multiple radionuclides and complicated spectra are involved. How to use sodium iodide i123 sodium iodide i123 will always be used in a hospital or similar setting.
Vo 260 066 detector and detector systems for particle and. Ortec software file structure manual for dos and windows systems 6 8 4 energy calibration slope, 1. Naitl has a very high luminescence scintillation efficiency and is available in single crystal or polycrystalline forms in a wide variety of sizes and geometries. A small 24iam seed is fitted inside the crystal to provide a gain stabilization pulse to the ib2 stabilization card. Therefore, only with the assistance of technical personnel experienced in operating sodium iodide detectors is it feasible to use this instrument effectively to triage potentially contaminated people. The principle component in the scintillation detector is a tl doped sodium iodide crystal nai. Therefore, only with the assistance of technical personnel experienced in operating sodiumiodide detectors is it feasible to use this instrument effectively to triage potentially contaminated people. Sodium iodide is an iodide salt that is formed into an injectable medicine. For example, in the case of thallium doped sodium iodide naitl, the light output is 40,000 photons per mev deposited energy. It is produced industrially as the salt formed when acidic iodides react with sodium hydroxide. Special geometries currently offered include hexagonal, square and rectangular detector assemblies and large diameter slabs. Sodium iodide side effects, dosage, interactions drugs. Hertel, advisor school of nuclear and radiological engineering georgia institute of technology dr.
Under standard conditions, it is a white, watersoluble solid comprising a 1. Thermophysical properties of nacl, nabr and naf by. Sodium iodide scintillation material saintgobain crystals. Geometry correction in efficiency of a sodium iodide. Thalliumdoped sodium iodide naitl has two principal advantages. Sodium iodide detector and photomultiplier tube with 1024 multichannel analyser. Check availability and compare product details sodium iodide acs reagent. Sodium iodide definition of sodium iodide by medical dictionary. We demonstrate the linearity and stability of a gammaray scintillation detector comprised of a naitl crystal and a scientificgrade. Sodium iodide is an ionic compound formed from the chemical reaction of sodium metal and iodine.
Assessing internal contamination after a radiological dispersion device event using a 2x2inch sodiumiodide detector approved by. Sep 17, 2019 sodium iodide i 1 sodium iodide i 1 sodium iodide i 1 capsules capsules diagnostic capsules are supplied in a strength of 3. Detector model the detector model defines the physical construction of the detector. The in vivo effects of iodides against fungal cells are not well understood. This detector, in which sodium iodide nai was used, was used for radiation measurements.
A 2x2 inch sodium iodide nai detector will allow the user to identify the presence of cs7 at inch nai detector can identify cs7 at 500 nremhrsec. Scintillates are one of the oldest types of radiation detector because measurements could be made with photographic film. Chapter 4 scintillation detectors mcmaster university. Sodium iodide crystals are activated with trace amounts of thallium hence the. Sodium iodide detectors are wellsuited for detection of photon radiation. Add 1 ml of the sodium iodide in acetone reagent to each tube. It will only be administered to you by qualified people trained to safe handle radioactive material. Basic principle of the scintillator scintillator ionizing radiation light visible, uv light sensor fig.
It is used mainly as a nutritional supplement and in organic chemistry. A parametric equation is developed to calculate the detector response as a function of distance and source photon energy. Polyscin naitl has been used to construct long crystals of 10 x 10 x 100cm3 4 x 4 x 40 and large flat crystals of 60cm x. Sodium iodide crystals have a very high luminescence scintillation efficiency and are available in a wide variety of sizes and geometries that makes it the most widely used scintillator. Probes selection guide analyze detect measure controltm thermo electron corporation offers a complete line of instruments and probes for a variety of radiation measurement, detection and identification applications. The vast majority of radiation detectors out there and virtually every detector used in general situations fall into one of these two families. Salt also, like the cb omni, the cb omni flexs dual sodium iodide nai detector design ensures superior lateral uniformity during analysis. Aug 29, 2018 sodium iodide is an iodide salt that is formed into an injectable medicine. Product name sodium iodide thallium crystal product description clear or slight yellow solid, no odor. Unlike znsag, sodium iodide crystals can be grown relatively large and machined into varying shapes and sizes. Energycompensated sodium iodide detectors may also be crosscalibrated for assessment of exposure rates. Sodium iodide definition of sodium iodide by medical.
This system consists of a sodium iodide detector, a high voltage power supply, an amplifier, an analog to digital converter, and a multichannel analyzer. Sodium and potassium iodide have both been used to treat selected bacterial, actinomycete, and fungal infections, although sodium iodide is preferred. Learn more about ortecs 905 series naiti scintillation radiation detector and its capabilities. Iodine i125, cesium cs7, chromium cr51, zinc zn65, portable survey instruments must be calibrated yearly by commercial firms or other qualified individuals. Low cost manufacturing process for sodium iodide detectors. In this thesis, i will present in detail the key steps and processes required to grow ultrahigh purity nai tl scintillating scintillator crystals and preparation of sabre prototype detector, including assembly of crystal detector module, commissioning of the veto detector, the trigger and the data acquisition system and a detailed analysis. In usda, such instruments are usually gm detectors and sodium iodide detectors.
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